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Glogow (Latin: Glogovia, German: Glogau[2], Czech: Hlohov) is a city in western Poland, in Lower Silesia Voivodeship, located in Lower Silesia, the seat of Glogow County and the rural municipality of Glogow. Located on the Oder River.
According to the Central Statistical Office (CSO), as of December 31, 2020, Glogow had a population of 66,120[3] and was the sixth most populous city in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, and the 59th most populous city in Poland[4].
The city is located in the Legnica-Glogow Copper District.
Table of contents
1 Geography
1.1 Development division
2 Neighboring municipalities
3 Natural environment
4 Demography
5 Toponymy of the city name
6 History
6.1 Piast and Jagiellonian times
6.2 Modern times, 19th century and early 20th century
6.3 World War II
6.4 In postwar Poland
7 Symbols of the city
8 Economy
9 Transportation
9.1 Road transport
9.2 Railway transport
9.3 River transport
9.4 Passenger transportation
9.5 Urban transportation
9.6 Air transport
9.7 Tourism
10 Education
11 Monuments
11.1 Secular buildings
11.2 Sacred objects
11.3 Other objects
12 Culture and art
12.1 Cultural events
12.2 Cultural organizations
13 Religion
13.1 Buddhism
13.2 Christianity
13.2.1 Catholicism
13.2.2 Orthodoxy
13.2.3 Protestantism
13.2.4 Restorationism
14 Sports
14.1 Football
14.2 Handball
15 Media
16 International cooperation
17 Glogowians
17.1 Piast Glogow
17.2 Glogau
17.3 Glogow after 1945
18 See also
19 Footnotes
20 Bibliography
21 External links
Geography
Glogow as Glogow on the border of Greater Poland and Silesia on a historical map drawn in 1888 according to data taken from the Diplomatic Code.
Wikipedia:Verifiability
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Glogow is located in the northern part of the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, on the border of the Barucko-Glogowski Proglacial Valley and the Dalkov Hills. Almost entirely the present city lies on the left bank of the Oder River, although once its essential core was located on Ostrow Tumski surrounded by the river's arms. Two morphological units occur here:
the Pleistocene upland, which is an extension of the northern slope of the Dalkowskie Hills,
the Oder River valley, which is part of the Barucko-Glogowska Proglacial Valley,
As of January 1, 2010, the city's area is 35.11 km²[5]. The city accounts for 7.98% of the district's area.
Including[footnote needed]:
agricultural land - 36.5%:
arable land - 25.8%
meadows - 6.0%
pastures - 4.3%
orchards - 0.4%
forests - 0.4%.
In 1975-1998, the city administratively belonged to Legnica Province.
Development division
Division into settlements[6].
Osiedle Kopernik
Kopernik settlement
Glogow consists of the following settlements:
Brzostow,
Chrobry,
Hutnik,
Kościuszki,
Kopernik,
Krzepow,
Nosocice,
St. Paulines,
Silesian Piasts,
Sunny,
Downtown,
Sightseeing.
And districts/villages within the city limits:
Biechów,
Wróblin Glogowski,
Zukowice[6].
Neighboring municipalities
Głogów (rural municipality), Jerzmanowa, Kotla, Żukowice.
Natural environment
The natural assets of the city include plant and animal cover, soils, waters and a varied landscape. The greenery system consists of parks (around the Old Town and the Sepolno Canal), riparian greenery along the Oder River and in Ostrow Tumski, small forest complexes, allotment gardens and, in recent years, a system of isolation greenery around the copper smelters. There are sixteen natural monuments within the city[7]. The riverside areas are biologically active complexes and are a sanctuary for waterfowl.
The riverside areas are biologically active complexes and are a sanctuary for waterfowl. The basic plant complexes are found in the following main groups (W.Szafer):
vegetation of the Oder valley floor, which is formed by willow thickets. The higher terraces of the Oder valley are mostly occupied by meadows and forests (mostly deciduous),
the vegetation of the Dalkowskie Hills, near which run the limits of the natural range of trees (mountain spruce, fir, gray alder). The hills are overgrown with spruce and beech forests,
to the south and southwest of the Dalkov Hills belt stretches a uniformly flat land of peat bogs.
The quality of the environment significantly affects the well-being and health of its residents. In general, it has been improving in recent years. Pro-environmental investments at the Copper Smelter ("Modernization of the Lead Division", "Desulfurization Installation of HM "Glogow" Combined Heat and Power Plant") and the increasing use of ecological fuels for heating and technological purposes have reduced emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere.
Odra in Glogow
Demographics
Wikipedia:Verifiability
This section from 2009-01 requires verification of the information provided.
Reliable sources should be cited, preferably in the form of bibliographic footnotes.
Some or even all of the information in the section may be false. Being devoid of sources, they may be questioned and removed.
More precise information on what needs to be corrected can perhaps be found in the discussion of this section.
Once the imperfections have been eliminated, the {{Develop}} template should be removed from this section.
Separate article: Population of Glogow.
A graph of the population of the city of Glogow over the last 70 years.
The largest population of Glogow was recorded in 1996. - according to CSO data, 74,390 residents. Since 1996, the population of Glogow has decreased by 6374 people, caused by a negative migration balance.
Age pyramid of Glogow residents in 2014[8].
Glogow age pyramid.png
For another consecutive year, Glogow's population remains below 70,000 people. There are 2302 more women than men. There are 1122 people temporarily registered in the city. Compared to 2007, the number of residents decreased by 506 people (in 2007 there were 69,978).
In 2008, 790 children were born, 53 more a year earlier (in 2007 there were 737). During the same period, 510 people died. The natural increase is therefore 280, and the decline in the population is the result of migration, mainly of young people, out of Glogow. This has to do with educated young people staying in large cities, university headquarters and building houses in neighboring municipalities, mainly: Głogów Municipality, Jerzmanowa Municipality, Radwanice Municipality, Grębocice Municipality.
Information about the population of Glogow as of 31.12.2010.
Number of residents of Glogow registered for permanent residence - 68,811, including 56 foreigners registered for permanent residence. Compared to 2009, the number of residents decreased by 341 people (in 2009 - 69,152 people). The number of people by gender: women - 35,702, men - 33,109 (there are 2,593 more women than men). There are 1,477 people registered for temporary residence in Glogow[9].
In 2010, 779 children were born (in 2009 - 787 children), i.e. 8 fewer children than in 2009, including: boys - 369, girls - 410
500 people died (in 2009 - 486 people, i.e. 14 more people). The natural increase is therefore 279 people.
The decline in the number of residents is the result of migration, mainly of young people, outside of Glogow. This has to do with educated young people staying after graduation, in large cities, as well as moving outside of Glogow, due to the construction of houses in neighboring municipalities, mainly: Glogow, Jerzmanowa, Radwanice, Grębocice, Serby.
As a population, the residents of Glogow are clearly aging:
the number of residents aged 18 and over is 56,677, including: women 29,746, men 26,931,
the number of residents under 18 years of age is - 12,134 people,
the number of the oldest people aged 70 and over is - 4580 including women 2905, men 1675,
the number of residents aged 90 and over 104 people, including women 87, men 17.
The largest number of living residents is in the group born:
in 1955 - 1391 people, including 609 men and 782 women,
in 1951 - 1374 people, including 640 men and 734 women,
in 1953 - 1364 people, including 621 men and 743 women,
in 1952 - 1350 people, including 637 men and 713 women,
in 1977 - 1344 persons, including 695 men and 649 women,
in 1981 - 1298 people, including 643 men and 655 women,
in 1978 - 1297 people, including 685 men and 612 women,
in 1980 - 1285 people, including 673 men and 612 women.
Since 2006, the number of births has been as follows:
2001 r. - 605 children,
2002 r. - 598 children,
2003 r. - 577 children,
2004 r. - 628 children,
2005 r. - 676 children,
2006 r. - 743 children,
2007 r. - 737 children,
2008 r. - 790 children,
2009 r. - 787 children,
2010 r. - 779 children,
2014 r. - 667 children.
The largest number of residents live on the streets:
Polish Cosmonauts - 3877,
Armii Krajowej - 2743,
Orbital Street - 2569,
Defenders of Peace - 2538,
Liberty Avenue - 2441,
Star Street - 2313.
There are also streets where only a few people live, such as Brzozowa, Bukowa, Dobra, Geodezyjna, Kossaka, Bolesław Wysokie, Konopnicka, Krawiecka, Priest Novarese, Nadbrzeżna, Narciarska, Piaskowa, Poplarowa, Wierzbowa.
Panorama of Glogow from the castle tower - March 2007
Panorama of Glogow from the castle tower - September 2009
Attached is a list of streets with the number of residents - List
There are a total of 257 streets and squares in the city[9].
There are 11 residential neighborhoods in Glogow[6]. The number of residents in each settlement is currently[9]:
Brzostow - 811,
Chrobry - 7210,
Hutnik - 8000,
Kopernik - 21,106,
Kosciuszko - 2835,
Nosocice - 1550,
Piastow Slaskich - 11,300,
Industrial - 4910,
Sunny - 3350,
Downtown - 8400,
Krzepow - no data available.
Toponymics of the city's name
Glogow among other Silesian place names in an official Prussian document from 1750 issued in Polish in Berlin[10].
Historical view of Glogow steel engraving, 1850.
The city's name comes from the word glogh, which means thorn or thorn. Initially, hawthorn was used to refer to all prickly shrubs, so that over time the name was narrowed down to a single hawthorn plant[11]. It refers to the characteristics of the land where the village was founded and has to do with the vegetation characteristic of the area - hawthorn-covered land[12][13]. German teacher Heinrich Adamy's work on place names in Silesia, published in 1888 in Breslau, mentions the name of the town noted in a document from 1213 Glogow[12].
The name of the city in the Latinized form cum urbem Glogua and urbs Glogus is noted by Thietmar's Chronicle in 1010[14]. In 1120, the duce Woyslao Glogoviensi was mentioned[15]. Later there are other variants of the name: Glogov (1155), castra Glogova (1157), and Glogou in 1208 in a forged document from the 14th century.[16] In the Middle Ages, the name in the feminine form Glogovia also occurred.
Throughout history, the following German forms of the city's name occurred from the 11th to the 20th centuries. - Glogau and Gross-Glogau (15th to 19th centuries). In 1613, the Silesian regionalist and historian Mikolaj Henel of Prudnik mentioned the town in his work on Silesian geography entitled Silesiographia, giving its Latin names Glogovia, Glogovia Maior[17].
In medieval documents written in Latin from 1242[18] and 1318, the town is listed under the name Glogouia[19]. The place name in the Latinized Old Polish form Glogovia is noted in the Book of Henricia, written in Latin in 1269-1273[20].
The place name in the Latinized form "Glogovia" is mentioned in a medieval Latin work written around 1300 describing the life of Saint Jadwiga, Vita Sanctae Hedwigis[21]. Around 1300-1305, in the Latin Liber fundationis episcopatus Vratislaviensis (Polish: "Book of emoluments of the bishopric of Wroclaw"), the village is mentioned in the Latinized form Glogovia. This source also mentions villages that have now been absorbed into the city and are parts or districts of it such as Wroblin Glogowski under the name Wroblino, Obora, Brzostow noted under the name Brustow and Krzepow recorded in the form Crzepowo[22][23].
In a Prussian official document of 1750 issued in Polish in Berlin by Frederick the Great, the town is listed among other Silesian towns as Glogow[10]. The later German name Glogau is a Germanized name of the original Slavic name and has no meaning in German. It became the official name of the town only after the Prussian occupation of Silesia as a result of the three Silesian wars with Austria[footnote needed]. The name Glogow was mentioned by the Silesian writer Jozef Lompa[24] in his book "A Short Drawing of the Jeography of Silesia for Initial Study" published in Glogowek in 1847.
The Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland, published at the end of the 19th century, gives many variants of place names: the German Glogau and the Polish Glogow, Glogowek in Silesia,[25] as well as Glogow Dolny or Wielki and in the feminine form Glogow Dolna or Wielka, and in German Gross-Glogau and Ober-Glogau and Klein-Glogau[26].
History
Some hypotheses lean towards the view that the settlement of Lugidunum from Ptolemy's map may be Glogow - the locality, according to some, was mapped in the work "Geography" by Claudius Ptolemy from 142-147 AD[27]. The fact that the locality was Glogow is reported in the compendium Lexicon Universale[28] and is inferred from its location in relation to other identified localities in Silesia, but other sources, however, identify Lugidunum with Legnica. This is conjecture, however, as Ptolemy's map is very inaccurate.
Piast and Jagiellonian times.
Medieval system of defensive walls near the castle
Glogow is one of the older towns in Poland. Glogow's oldest stronghold was founded in the 10th century by the Slavic tribe of Dziadoszan and was located on the right bank of the Barycz River. The tribal stronghold was conquered by Mieszko I, who around 989 built a new larger stronghold in the forks of the Barycz River and the Oder River on the site of today's collegiate church on Ostrow Tumski[29][30]. The fortress was shaped like an oval, measuring 108 × 78 meters. The interior was tightly occupied by numerous timber-framed buildings set parallel to the street, and a small stone church existed on the site of today's collegiate church.
The Collegiate Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary on Ostrow Tumski
In 1010 and 1017, the German army of Henry II came under siege of Glogow castle twice. However, the siege of the castle did not take place, as mentioned by Thietmar of Merseburg[31][32]. The most famous of the battles for Glogow is the defense of the city in 1109 against the troops of the German king Henry V.
Separate article: Defense of Glogow.
In 1157 Glogow was captured by Frederick I Barbarossa, who burned the town.
Castle of the Dukes of Glogow, now the Archaeological and Historical Museum
In 1180, under Konrad Laskonogi, son of Ladislaus the Exile, the rebuilt Glogow became the capital of the Glogow principality. In 1202, the first mentioned castellan was Andrew, followed by Gebhard I Wezenborg (1206-1217)[33], Przeclaw (1218-1223), Mojko (1239), Bozanta (1240), Jaksa (1242), Miroslaw (1248)[15], Gebhard II Wezenborg (1260)[33] In the city, Duke Conrad I built the first brick ducal castle the seat of the castellany. A medieval document written in Latin by Duke Boleslaw Rogatka in 1242 mentions Jaksa castellan of Glogow in the fragment Jaxa castellano in Glogouia[18]. In 1253, the duke had a town founded on the site of the existing settlements on the left bank of the river, with Magdeburg city law.
In the 16th century, the Glogau line of the Silesian Piasts died out, whose last representative was John II the Mad.
The Jagiellonians, Jan Olbracht and Sigismund the Old, later Polish kings, ruled here from 1491 to 1506. Later, in turn, the city was subject to the Bohemian Jagiellons and then to the Habsburgs.
Modernity, 19th century and early 20th century
Plan of Glogow's fortifications, 1650.
Glogow, 17th century.
In the mid-17th century, during the Thirty Years' War, Glogow was turned into a fortress. It was besieged and captured by Prussian, French, Russian, Swedish and Austrian armies.
From 1740 it was subject to the Prussian Hohenzollerns. During the Napoleonic wars, Polish troops of Jan Henryk Dabrowski, squadrons of the 4th Col. of the Warsaw Duchy's Horse Guards were quartered here, and Napoleon himself visited it three times. Fortifications of the fortress impeded the development of the town for many years.
The first printing house in Glogow was probably established around 1606 by Joachim and Wigant Funch and operated until the Thirty Years' War[34]. Another printing house was established in 1676[35]. In the 19th century, printing became an important industry in Glogow[36]. In 1862, a scientific and cultural periodical, "Schlesische Provinzialblätter - Neue Folge," began publishing in the city, a continuation of the "Schlesische Provinzialblätter" periodical, which was important for Silesian culture[36].
Glogow, 1915.
In the 19th century, efforts were made to abolish the fortifications, but it was not until 1873 that their boundaries were moved eastward, and in 1902 they were abolished, allowing for its normal development. After the removal of the city walls, the city experienced a building boom, and the population increased from 24,000 around 1900 to 33,000 in 1939. Anticipating such developments, as early as 1905 the city authorities engaged Josef Stübben (1845 - 1936), one of the most respected urban planners in Germany at the time, to create a long-term development plan for the city of Glogow. It was at his instigation that a stretch of greenery was created in the following years on the land left over from the bastions surrounding the city center[37]. The city was home to a furnace, machine and clock factory and a brewery.
In 1917 there was a mutiny by soldiers of the local garrison called the Glogow Revolution (Red Soldiers' Council), which was bloodily suppressed[38].
World War II
Shortly before the end of World War II, Glogow was declared a fortress. A six-week siege of the city by the Red Army (from 11 II to 1 IV 1945) resulted in the destruction of more than 95%[39] of the buildings. The Old City lay in ruins. Among the demolished buildings was the 15th-century Collegiate Church of St. Mary. St. Mary's Collegiate Church. A monument was erected in Slavic Square[40] to honor Soviet soldiers - the conquerors of the city. Glogau was transferred by the Soviet occupation authorities to Polish administration in the summer of 1945. The German name Glogau was replaced by the name Glogow.
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